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11月23日 Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.
Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers.
These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan (见多识广者的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size. 2002年1月试卷---英语资料库 11月16日 Plot Carl Fredricksen, a shy and quiet young boy, meets an energetic and outgoing tomboy named Ellie, discovering they share the same interest in exploration as their hero, the famed explorer Charles F. Muntz. Ellie expresses her desire to move her clubhouse to Paradise Falls in South America, a promise she makes Carl keep. Carl and Ellie wed and grow old together in the old house where they first met while making a living as a toy balloon vendor and a zookeeper respectively. Unable to have children, they also try to save up for the trip to Paradise Falls, but other financial obligations arise. Just as they seem to finally be able to take their trip, Ellie passes away, leaving Carl a lonely and bitter old man with nothing to live for and missing his wife terribly. As the years pass, the city grows around Carl's house with construction as Carl refuses to move. After a tussle with a construction worker over Carl's broken mailbox, the court orders Carl to move into a retirement home. Carl comes up with a scheme to keep his promise to Ellie, and uses his old professional supplies to create a makeshift airship using tens of thousands of helium balloons that lift his house off its foundations. Russell, a Wilderness Explorer trying to earn his final merit badge for "Assisting the Elderly", has stowed away on the porch after being sent on a snipe hunt by Carl the day before. After a storm throws them around for a while, they find themselves landing on a great plateau across a large ravine facing Paradise Falls. With their body weight providing ballast allowing Carl and Russell to pull the floating house, the two begin to walk around the ravine, hoping to reach the falls while there's still enough helium in the balloons to keep the house afloat. As they walk towards Paradise Falls, Russell finds a colorful tropical flightless bird, which he names Kevin, not realizing that the bird is actually female. They later run into a dog named Dug wearing a translating collar that lets him speak. They discover Dug's owner is an elderly Charles Muntz, who returned to South America in his immense dirigible several decades earlier in a quest to find and bring back a large species of bird to restore his reputation, tarnished by accusations of fraud. Muntz invites Carl and Russell into his dirigible and Carl is initially thrilled to meet his hero. However, when Carl realizes that Muntz is after Kevin and will kill without a moment's thought in order to capture her alive, he takes steps to save the bird and escape with Russell. Thanks to Kevin and Dug they flee the dirigible and escape Muntz's pack of vicious dogs, led by Alpha, but Kevin is injured during the escape. As Carl and Russell assist the injured Kevin to her chicks, Muntz and his dogs arrive in his airship, led by a tracking device in Dug's collar, and sets a fire under Carl's house, forcing Carl to choose his house over Kevin. Muntz and his dogs quickly capture the bird and fly off. Though Carl successfully gets the house on the ground overlooking Paradise Falls per Ellie's wish, he has lost Russell's favor. Carl, settling down in his house, finds Ellie's childhood scrapbook and discovers her mementos of her life with Carl after they were married, and a final note from her thanking Carl for her adventure of marriage with him and an encouragement for him to go on his own. Invigorated by Ellie's last wish, he goes outside to find Russell, only to find him suspended from balloons to give chase to Muntz. Carl lightens the weight of his house by dumping furniture and his possessions, allowing him to chase after Muntz in his house with Dug by his side. Russell enters the airship through a window, but is captured by the dogs. He is tied up and left to fall to the earth, but Carl saves him and keeps him tied up in the house for his own safety. Carl and Dug board the ship, and are able to lure the guard dogs away from Kevin to free her. Carl and Muntz duel face to face and fight (Muntz with a sword, Carl with his cane), while Dug is able to wrest control of the dogs and the dirigible from Alpha. Russell frees himself but clings to a lifeline as he finds the house in a dogfight with dog-piloted biplane fighters. When Carl shouts for help, Russell distracts the dog pilots and regains control of the house to rescue his friends, who are now on top of the airship. In pursuit, Muntz shoots out some of the balloons, causing the house to land and slide off the airship. Carl manages to trick Muntz inside the house while saving Russell, Dug, and Kevin. Defeated and tangled in some old balloons, Muntz accidentally lets go of the rope and falls towards the earth below, while Carl's house drifts off into the clouds — a loss Carl gracefully accepts as being for the best. Carl takes Muntz's dirigible and returns Kevin to her chicks, then flies Russell and Dug back to the city. When Russell's father misses his son's Senior Explorer ceremony, Carl fulfills that role himself to proudly present Russell with his final badge, the grape soda badge that Ellie presented to Carl when they first met. Afterward, Carl, reinvigorated in both spirit and body from his adventure, becomes a cheerfully active community volunteer with a strong father-like relationship with Russell, Dug, and the other Wilderness Explorers. Whilst Carl now resides in Muntz's airship, his old house, through happenstance, has landed again exactly where Ellie envisioned it — overlooking Paradise Falls. Up (2009 film) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 12月31日 Rickrolling From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Screenshot of a Rickroll video window on YouTube Rickrolling is an Internet meme typically involving the music video for the 1987 Rick Astley song "Never Gonna Give You Up". The meme is a bait and switch: a person provides a Web link that he or she claims is relevant to the topic at hand, but the link actually takes the user to the Astley video. The URL can be masked or obfuscated in some manner so that the user cannot determine the true source of the link without clicking. When a person clicks on the link and is led to the web page, he or she is said to have been "Rickrolled" (also spelled Rickroll'd). As the practice has spread, two of the various Rickrolling videos available online have been viewed more than thirteen million times each.[1][2] These figures track the total number of visits, not individual viewers. Rickrolling has extended beyond Web links to playing the video or song disruptively in other situations, including public places;[3] this culminated when Astley and the song made a surprise appearance in the 2008 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade,[4] a televised event with tens of millions of viewers. Rickrolling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 12月26日 Braising From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the metal joining process, see Brazing. 
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) 
Braised ox cheek in star anise and soy sauce 
Braised baby artichokes Braising (from the French “braiser”) is a combination cooking method using both moist and dry heat; typically the food is first seared at a high temperature and then finished in a covered pot with a variable amount of liquid, resulting in a particular flavour. Braising relies on heat, time, and moisture to successfully break down tough connective tissue and collagens in meat; making it an ideal way to cook tougher cuts. Many classic braised dishes such as Coq au Vin are highly-evolved methods of cooking tough and unpalatable foods. Swissing, stewing and pot-roasting are all braising types. Pressure cooking and slow cooking (e.g., crockpots) are forms of braising. Most braises follow the same basic steps. The food to be braised (meat, poultry, but also vegetables or mushrooms) is first seared in order to brown its surface and enhance its flavor. A cooking liquid that often includes an acidic element, such as tomatoes, beer, or wine, is added to the pot, often with stock, to not quite cover the meat. The dish is cooked covered at a very low simmer until meat is fork tender. Often the cooking liquid is finished to create a sauce or gravy.[1] [2] A successful braise intermingles the flavours of the foods being cooked and the cooking liquid. Also, the dissolved collagens and gelatins from the meat enrich and add body to the liquid. Braising is economical, as it allows the use of tough and inexpensive cuts, and efficient, as it often employs a single pot to cook an entire meal. 
Braised pork spare ribs with preserved mustard greens Familiar braised dishes include pot roast, beef stew, Swiss steak, chicken cacciatore, goulash, Carbonade Flamande, braised tilapia and beef bourguignon, among others. Braising is also used extensively in the cuisines of Asia, particularly Chinese cuisine[3]. [edit] References - ^ Buford, Bill (2006). Heat. New York, NY, USA: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 70–75. ISBN 978-1400041206.
- ^ Colicchio, Tom (2000). Think Like a Chef. Clarkson-Potter. pp. 52–63. ISBN 978-0609604854.
- ^ Tropp, Barbara (1996). The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking. William Morrow Cookbooks. ISBN 978-0688146115.
[edit] See also 
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Braising - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 12月14日 I just ran into another rude military-plated car this morning, it ignored traffic rules as usual, then tries to cut me off, my reaction? not let it, as I always did, of course. but I will let it/them go from now on, to those who cutting me off, not queuing up, or even rude to me, I will let them go, I also let my hatred toward military vehicles go. I realise what makes me being a "defender of justice and orders", is to obey the orders myself. to those ignore the rules, and enjoy from doing so. we just need to simply ignore them..... then i find this article, it's what i need most. ---------------------------------------- Many people find it hard to forgive. As we go through life, it’s inevitable that we’ll come across people who wrong us in one way or another. From the one who cuts you off in traffic to the one who puts you on hold and forgets about you, there’s no shortage of people out there who aren’t treating us exactly the way we’d like. Unfortunately, we’re rather limited in our ability to influence their behavior. But the good news is that we have a lot of control over how we react to them. Why forgive? First of all, keep in mind that it’s generally in your best interest to forgive people. Choosing to carry a grudge forever keeps you from ever repairing the relationship. Long after you’ve forgotten what the other person actually did, you’re still focused on being mad at them because you’re stuck in that habit. It’s very easy to blow something way out of proportion because you think too much about what went wrong instead of how to make it right. Don’t be too attached to your anger. Another thing to consider is what you accomplish by not forgiving. You might decide never to forgive Hitler, and I can’t really object to that. In that case, many people would consider forgiveness to mean compromising their integrity. But what about someone who just made a rude comment about you? Do you really need to be mad at them forever? Is it really worth the stress and the higher blood pressure, or can you just let it go? Just because you might be justified in being mad, doesn’t mean it’s your best option. Forgiving others To be able to forgive others, it’s helpful to understand where they’re coming from. Sometimes we make assumptions that someone must be a jerk to act a certain way, when there might be factors we aren’t considering. The person who cut you off in traffic? Maybe they were racing to the hospital. Maybe they were late to an interview for a job that they really need. Maybe they swerved to avoid someone else. The person who put you on hold and forgot about you? Maybe they were severely understaffed because some people were sick that day. Maybe they were trying to track down the perfect person to solve your problem. Maybe their phone system malfunctioned and you got transferred to the wrong place. The person at the store who gave you bad service? Maybe it was their first day. Maybe they hadn’t been trained properly. Maybe they had a bad experience with the previous customer that had them frazzled. In many cases, the person who wronged you might have acted completely out of character for some reason, and they might truly be sorry. It’s also possible that they don’t even know they did anything wrong! Try not to make assumptions, and just talk to them instead. Say what they did, why you think it was wrong, and how it made you feel. If they didn’t mean for it to be an act of vengeance, then why not forgive them? Forgiving yourself Sometimes the hardest person to forgive is yourself. If someone else makes a mistake, we’re more objective about it, and we can see that they really did the best they could. If we make the same mistake, it’s a lot harder to be objective. We think back over all the details and see how many things we could have done differently. Other people might say it’s OK, but how do you appease your own toughest critic? As with other people, you need to consider what you have to gain by not forgiving yourself. Usually it’s very little. If you can make the situation right, do it. Otherwise, work on doing better next time. If necessary, avoid similar situations until you’re sure you can handle them better. But don’t wallow in guilt. It’s one of the most useless emotions of all. Is there anyone you need to forgive today? Hunter Nuttall wants you to stop sucking and live a life of abundance. Visit his site to learn how to improve your life and your income. Originally posted at PickTheBrain a weblog dedicated to self improvement and motivation. How to Master the Art of Forgiveness, chinese translation,translation services,translator,online translator 11月18日 كلمة الرئيس هو جينتاو في قمة الأسواق المالية والاقتصاد العالمي ( النص الكامل) 16/11/2008 
يوم 15 نوفمبر عام 2008، ألقى الرئيس هو جينتاو كلمة بعنوان "تعزيز التعاون لتجاوز الأزمة" في قمة الأسواق المالية والاقتصاد العالمي لقادة مجموعة الـ20 التي تنعقد في واشنطن. فيما يلي النص الكامل للكلمة: تعزيز التعاون لتجاوز الأزمة -- لكمة رئيس جمهورية الصين الشعبية هو جينتاو في قمة الأسواق المالية والاقتصاد العالمي (واشنطن الولايات المتحدة، يوم 15 نوفمبر عام 2008) الرئيس جورج بوش المحترم، الزملاء الحضور: يسعدني كل السعادة أن ألتقي مع الزملاء والحضور في واشنطن. أولا وقبل كل شيء، أود أن أشكر الرئيس بوش على دعوته الكريمة وترتيباته الحسنة. في الوقت الراهن، قد تفشت الأزمة المالية الدولية من بعض المناطق إلى العالم، ومن الدول المتقدمة إلى دول الأسواق الناشئة، ومن القطاع المالي إلى قطاعات الاقتصاد الحقيقي، مما أحدث انعكاسات خطيرة على التنمية الاقتصادية ومعيشة الشعب في دول العالم. في هذه اللحظة الدقيقة، من الأهمية الكبيرة بمكان أن نتباحث هنا سبل حماية الاستقرار المالي الدولي وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. تعتبر الأزمة المالية الدولية التي نعيشها الأكثر اتساعا وعمقا وقوة منذ الثلاثينات من القرن الماضي. وراء الأزمة المالية أسباب عديدة، منها سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي غير السليمة، وكذلك عدم وجود الرقابة المالية المطلوبة. إذا لم نفهمها فهما صحيحا، فلا نستطيع استخلاص الدروس وتجنب وقوع أزمات مماثلة في المستقبل. يتحرك المجتمع الدولي باتخاذ سلسلة من الإجراءات على الأصعدة المختلفة فور حدوث الأزمة المالية. ونأمل في أن تحقق هذه الإجراءات النتائج المرجوة في أقرب وقت ممكن. من أجل التعامل الفعال مع هذه الأزمة المالية، يجب على دول العالم أن تعزز الثقة وتكثف التنسيق والتعاون. إن المهمة الملحة للمجتمع الدولي الآن هي مواصلة اتخاذ جميع الإجراءات اللازمة لاستعادة ثقة الأسواق في أسرع وقت، لاحتواء الأزمة المالية منع تفشيها. يتعين على الاقتصادات المتقدمة الرئيسية الاضطلاع بالمسؤولية والواجبات المطلوبة، وتنفيذ سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي التي من شأنها تحقيق الاستقرار المالي والتنمية الاقتصادية داخليا ودوليا، وتعمل على تثبيت أسواقها المالية الدولية وحماية مصالح المستثمرين. وفي الوقت نفسه، يتعين على دول العالم تعزيز التنسيق في سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي، وتوسيع تبادل المعلومات الاقتصادية والمالية، وتعميق التعاون الدولي في مجال الرقابة المالية بما يهيئ الظروف الضرورية لتحقيق الاستقرار للأسواق المالية الوطنية والدولية. وفي الوقت الحاضر، يعيش الاقتصاد العالمي حالة معقدة وصعبة تتمثل في تباطؤ النمو وزيادة عوامل عدم الاستقرار والغموض. فيشكل الحفاظ على النمو الاقتصادي أساسا هاما للتعامل مع الأزمة المالية. فيجب على دول العالم أن تقوم بتعديل على السياسات الاقتصادية الكلية وتعمل على تدعيم النمو الاقتصادي من خلال الوسائل المالية والنقدية اللازمة، لتفادي حدوث ركود عالمي. كما يجب اعتماد خطوات مشتركة لتثبت أسواق الطاقة والحبوب الغذائية والحد من المضاربة لخلق ظروف مواتية للتنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. من الأهمية الخاصة بمكان للمجتمع الدولي أن يكون بعيدا عن الحمائية التجارية والاستثمارية بأشكالها المختلفة ويدفع بقوة مفاوضات جولة الدوحة لتحقيق تقدم إيجابي في أقرب وقت ممكن. يتعين على المجتمع الدولي تلخيص الدروس المستفادة من هذه الأزمة المالية بجدية، وإجراء إصلاح ضروري على النظام المالي الدولي على أساس التشاور الوافي بين جميع أصحاب المصلحة. وينبغي أن يلتزم الإصلاح باتجاه إقامة نظام مالي دولي جديد عادل ومنصف وشامل ومنظم ويسعى إلى تهيئة بيئة مؤسسية من شأنها ضمان صحة الاقتصاد العالمي. كما على الإصلاح أن يلتزم بالشمولية والتوازن والتدريجية والفعالية. الشمولية هي عبارة عن التصميم العام الذي لا يشمل فقط استكمال النظام المالي والنظام النقد الدولي والمؤسسات المالية، وإنما استكمال القواعد والإجراءات المالية الدولية، ولا يعكس فقط القانون والمبادئ العامة للرقابة المالية، بل يأخذ أيضا في الاعتبار مراحل التنمية لمختلف الاقتصادات وخصوصياتها. التوازن هو عبارة عن التوفيق بين مصالح جميع الأطراف على نحو متوازن ولا سيما مصالح دول الأسواق الناشئة والدول النامية، وإنشاء آليات صنع القرار والإدارة الأوسع نطاقا والأكثر فعالية. التدريجية هي عبارة عن إجراءالإصلاح خطوة خطوة وعلى مراحل وبدءا من الملفات السهلة قبل الصعبة، وتحقيق الأهداف النهائية للإصلاح من خلال الجهود المستمرة. الفعالية هي عبارة عنالتأكيد على النتائج العملية، وينبغي أن تسهم جميع خطوات الإصلاح في الاستقرار المالي الدولي والنمو الاقتصادي العالمي ورفاهية شعوب العالم. واستنادا إلى الاعتبارات المذكورة أعلاه، ندعو إلى تنفيذ خطوات الإصلاح الرئيسية التالية: أولا، تعزيز التعاون الدولي في الرقابة المالية وتحسين نظام الرقابة الدولية ووضع قواعد السلوك لوكالات التصنيف الائتماني، وتعزيز الرصد لتدفق رؤوس الأموال على المستوى العالمي، وتعزيز الرقابة على المؤسسات المالية المختلفة ووكالات الوساطة، وتعزيز شفافية الأسواق المالية ومنتجاتها. ثانيا، دفع الإصلاح للمؤسسات المالية الدولية، وإصلاح آلية تشكيل هيئة صنع القرار بالمؤسسات المالية الدولية، وتعزيز صوت الدول النامية وتمثيلها في المؤسسات المالية الدولية وإنشاء نظام الإنذار المبكر الذي يغطي العالم وخاصة المراكز المالية الدولية في أقرب وقت ممكن، وتحسين هيكل الإدارة الداخلية للمؤسسات المالية، وإنشاء آلية مساعدة فعالة لمواجهة الأزمات، وتعزيز قدرة المؤسسات المالية الدولية على أداء واجباتها. ثالثا، تشجيع التعاون المالي الإقليمي، وتعزيز قدرات المساعدة المتبادلة في مجال السيولة، وتعزيز البنية الأساسية المالية الإقليمية، وإفساح مجال كامل لدور آليات تمويل إقليمية للمساعدة. رابعا، تحسين النظام النقدي الدولي، وتنويع النظام النقدي الدولي بخطوات متزنة، وتدعيم استقرار النظام النقدي الدولي بجهود مشتركة. أيها زملائي، في ظل التطور المتسارع للعولمة الاقتصادية، تشهد العلاقات المالية والاقتصادية بين دول العالم تعززا يوما بعد يوم. لم تحدث الأزمة المالية تأثيرا خطيرا فقط على الأسواق المالية في الدول المتقدمة، إنما تركت انعكاسات على الدول النامية بدرجات متفاوتة وتنذر بالتدهور المستمر. فيجب أن يكون لدينا ما يكفي من الوعي والإدراك. في عملية التعامل مع الأزمة المالية، يجب على المجتمع الدولي إيلاء الاهتمام والحد بقدر إمكان من الأضرار التي قد تلحق بالدول النامية وخاصة الدول الأقل نموا لما لها من مستويات التنمية الاقتصادية المنخفضة والهيكل الاقتصادي الهش، النظام المالي الضعيف أمام المخاطر. أولا، ضرورة مساعدة الدول النامية على الأرض في الحفاظ على الاستقرار المالي والنمو الاقتصادي. المجتمع الدولي، وفي مقدمته الدول المتقدمة ينبغي أن تضطلع بالمسؤولية والواجبات المطلوبة وتتخذ إجراءات فعالة لمساعدة الدول النامية ولا سيما الدول الأفريقية في التغلب على المصاعب. وخاصة يجب أن تأخذ في الاعتبار تداعيات تنفيذ سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي على الدول النامية، لتجنب تفاقم المأزق الذي تعيشه الدول النامية. ويجب على المؤسسات المالية الدولية أن تمد يد العون في حينه إلى الدول النامية الأكثر تضررا من الأزمة المالية عن طريق تخفيف شروط الإقراض وإنشاء آليات أسهل، كما يجب دعم جهود دول الأسواق الناشئة الرامية إلى الحفاظ على النمو الاقتصادي المستقر. ثانيا، مواصلة وزيادة المساعدة للدول النامية. وضعت الأزمة المالية الدول النامية التي تواجه أصلا تحديات جمة في تحقيق التنمية في حالة أكثر حرجا. فإن إيجاد سبل للتغلب على الأزمة المالية مع مراعاة الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية للأمم المتحدة، المسؤولية المشتركة للعالم أجمع. في هذا السياق، يتعين على الدول المتقدمة أن تواصل تنفيذ تعهدات المساعدات إلى الدول النامية وتعزيز العملية الدولية للحد من الفقر. وبالنسبة للدول الأقل نموا، ينبغي إلغاء وتخفيف ديونها والتعريفة الجمركية على صادراتها وتوسيع نطاق نقل التكنولوجيا، وذلك تزامنا مع بذل قصارى الجهد لمساعدتها في تحسين البنية التحتية مما يعزز قدرتها على التنمية الذاتية. ثالثا، ضرورة الحفاظ على الاستقرار الاقتصادي والمالي في الدول النامية. يتعين على الدول النامية أن تعتمد سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي السليمة انطلاقا من ظروفها الواقعية وتقوم بتحسين النظام المالي وتعزيز القدرة على درء مخاطر الأزمة المالية، بينما تعمل على تغيير نمط التنمية الاقتصادية وتعديل الهيكل الاقتصادي للحفاظ على النمو الاقتصادي المستقر. أيها زملائي، شهدت الصين في العام الجاري سلسلة من الكوارث الطبيعية الكبيرة، وهي تأثرت أيضا بالأزمة المالية الدولية. فقامت الصين وفقا لمستجدات الأوضاع بتعديل السياسة في حينه، وتعزيز الضبط والتحكم الكلي للاقتصاد، ونجحت في الحفاظ على النمو الاقتصادي المستقر والسريع، ولم يتغير الوضع الأساسي لاقتصاد الصيني. ويعتبر النمو المستقر والسريع للاقتصاد الصيني بذاته مساهمة هامة في صون الاستقرار المالي الدولي وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. ستواصل الحكومة الصينية اتخاذ إجراءات فعالة لتعزيز التنبؤ والاستهداف والفعالية للضبط والتحكم الكلي، وتعمل على توسيع الطلب المحلى، وخاصة الطلب الاستهلاكي، وتكرس جهودا كبيرة لتغيير نمط التنمية الاقتصادية وتعديل الهيكل الاقتصادي وتطوير الزراعة باعتبارها قطاعا أساسيا وزيادة دخل المزارعين من أجل تحقيق النمو الاقتصادي المستقر والسريع، مما يسهم بدورها البناء في تعزيز استقرار الاقتصاد العالمي. في إطار دفع التنمية الاقتصادية، اتخذت الحكومة الصينية إجراءات عديدة مثل خفض الاحتياطي الإلزامي للبنوك على الودائع، وخفض أسعار الفائدة على القروض والودائع، وخفض ضرائب الشركات. واعتمدت الحكومة الصينية مؤخرا حزمة من الإجراءات الأكثر قوة لتوسيع الطلب المحلى، إذ قررت زيادة الاعتمادات المالية وقدرها 100 مليار يوان لمشاريع تحسين معيشة الشعب والبنية الأساسية والبيئة الايكولوجية وإعادة التعمير في المناطق المنكوبة. ومن المتوقع أن تأتي باستثمارات إجمالية بالمجتمع حجمها 400 مليار يوان. من الربع الأخير من هذا العام إلى نهاية عام 2010، سيبلغ حجم استثمارات الصين في هذه المشاريع حوالي 4000 مليار يوان. بلا شك أن هذه الإجراءات ستدفع بقوة التنمية الاقتصادية في الصين، وتخدم أيضا التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. أن الصين كعضو مسؤول في المجتمع الدولي كانت ولا تزال تشارك بنشاط في التعاون الدولي لمواجهة الأزمة المالية، ولعبت دورا إيجابيا في الحفاظ على الاستقرار المالي الدولي وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. إن الصين على استعداد لمواصلة المشاركة بموقف مسؤول في التعاون الدولي لصون الاستقرار المالي الدولي وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم ودعم جهود المؤسسات المالية الدولية الرامية إلى زيادة قدرة التمويل تماشيا مع التغيرات في الأسواق المالية الدولية، وتعزيز الدعم للدول النامية المتضررة من الأزمة. كما أننا على استعداد للمشاركة بنشاط في خطة تمويل التجارة للمؤسسة التمويل الدولية للبنك الدولي. أيها زملائي، قد أجرى قادة دول شرق آسيا مناقشات معمقة حول سبل تعزيز التعاون المالي والاقتصادي الإقليمي على هامش الدورة الـ7 لقمة آسيا-أوروبا التي عقدت قبل فترة وجيزة، حيث اتفقوا على ضرورة وضع تعزيز التعاون المالي ومنع ودرء مخاطر الأزمة المالية في أولويات التعاون الإقليمي والعمل على تعزيز التعاون المالي والاقتصادي الإقليمية بآليات مرنة وأشكال متنوعة؛ والاستفادة الكاملة من الاتفاقات الثنائية الموقعة لتبادل العملات، وتدعيم أسواق رؤوس الأموال الآسيوية بخطوات متزنة، وتعزيز عملية التجارة الحرة في شرقي آسيا، ودعم عملية التكامل لآسيان، ومعارضة ومنع الحمائية التجارية. كما أجرى قادة الدول الآسيوية والأوروبية مناقشات معمقة حول الوضع المالي الدولي والاقتصادي الحالي، واتفقوا على الاستفادة الكاملة من قمة آسيا-أوروبا وغيرها من آليات التعاون الإقليمي لتعزيز التعاون العملي في تبادل المعلومات والسياسيات والرقابة والإدارة في المجال المالي، لرصد ووقاية ودرء المخاطر المالية بصورة فعالة، بما يحقق التنمية المستمرة والمستقرة والصحية للاقتصاد العالمي. أيها زملائي، إن استقرار الأسواق المالية الدولية والتنمية الاقتصادية المستمرة في العالم قضية حيوية ترتبط برفاهية دول العالم وشعوبها. فلنعمل معا بجهود متضافرة لتجاوز الأزمة ونقدم المساهمات المطلوبة من أجل الحفاظ على الاستقرار المالي الدولي وتعزيز التنمية الاقتصادية في العالم. وشكرا لكم. Hu Jintao Addresses the G20 Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy in Washington 2008/11/16 Work Together to Tide Over the Hard Times - Speech at the Summit Meeting on Financial Market and the World Economy (15 November 2008, in Washington, the United States) [By] PRC President Hu Jintao Dear President Bush, My colleagues: I am very happy to meet with my colleagues in Washington. First and foremost, I would like to thank President Bush for his kind invitation and thoughtful arrangements. The international financial crisis has now spread from some parts of the world to the entire globe, from the developed nations to newly emerging market countries, and from the financial sector to the real economy, seriously affecting economic development and people's livelihood of countries in the world. It is therefore highly significant that we gather here at this crucial moment to explore ways to maintain international financial stability and promote world economic growth. The extent, impact, and intensity of the international financial crisis that we are experiencing have been rarely seen since the 1930s of the last century. There are many reasons behind the crisis, including improper macroeconomic policies of economic entities as well as the lack of financial supervision. Without a correct understanding of the reasons, it will be difficult to draw lessons and avoid similar crises in the future. In the wake of the financial crisis, the international community has taken action immediately and adopted a series of countermeasures in various aspects. China hopes that measures taken by the international community in response to the crisis will produce the desired results soon. In order to effectively deal with this financial crisis, countries of the world should strengthen confidence, intensify coordination, and cooperate closely with each other. The urgent task of the international community at the moment is to continue to take all necessary measures to promptly restore market confidence, and stop the spread and development of the financial crisis. Major developed economies should undertake their due responsibilities and obligations; implement macroeconomic policies that are conducive to economic and financial stability and growth both at home and internationally; take active steps to stabilize of their own and international financial markets; and safeguard investors' interests. Meanwhile, countries should enhance macroeconomic policy coordination; expand economic and financial information sharing; and deepen cooperation in international financial regulation, so as to create necessary conditions for stability in both domestic and international markets. At present, as the world economic growth has slowed down and factors of instability and uncertainty have increased, the situation is severe and complex. Maintaining economic growth is an important foundation for dealing with the financial crisis. Countries should adjust their macroeconomic policies and adopt necessary fiscal and monetary policies to actively promote economic growth and avoid a global economic recession. [Countries] should take measures to jointly stabilize the international energy and food markets and curb speculation, in order to create sound conditions for development of the world economy. In particular, the international community should prevent all forms of protectionism in trade and investment; and strive to achieve positive progress in the resumption of the Doha Round negotiations as soon as possible. The international community should carefully sum up the lessons of this financial crisis; and on the basis of full consultation among all stakeholders, carry out necessary reforms of the international financial system. Reform of the international financial system should be aimed at establishing a new international financial order that is fair, just, inclusive, and orderly; and fostering an institutional environment conducive to sound global economic development. The reform should be conducted in a comprehensive, balanced, incremental, and result-oriented manner. A comprehensive reform is one that has a general design and includes measures to improve not only the international financial system, monetary system, and financial institutions, but also international financial rules and procedures; and that reflects the universal laws and principles of financial supervision, as well as considers the development stages and special features of different economic entities. A balanced reform is one that is based on unified planning with due consideration for all concerned; seeks balanced interests among all parties; develops decision-making and management mechanisms for broader and more effective participation; and, in particular, manifests the interests of emerging markets and developing countries. An incremental reform is one that seeks gradual progress; and on the premise of maintaining stability of the international financial market, proceeds in a phased manner, starting with the easier issues, to achieve the final objectives of reform through sustained efforts. A result-oriented reform is one that lays emphasis on practical results. All reform measures should contribute to safeguarding international financial stability, promoting global economic development, and enhancing the well being of the peoples of the world. Based on the aforesaid considerations, China advocates the implementation of the following key reform initiatives. The first is to step up international cooperation in financial supervision; improve the international regulatory system; establish a code of conduct for credit rating agencies; strengthen efforts to monitor global capital flows; reinforce the supervision over various types of financial institutions and intermediary organizations; and increase the transparency of financial markets and its products. The second is to promote reform of the international financial organizations; reform the decision-making mechanism of international financial organizations; enhance developing countries' representation and right to speak in the international financial organizations; establish, as soon as possible, a global early warning system, especially for covering main international financial centres; improve the international financial organizations' internal management structure; establish a timely and efficient mechanism to help cope with the crisis; and build up the international financial organizations' ability to perform their duties effectively. The third is to encourage regional financial cooperation; enhance the mobility for mutual assistance; strengthen regional financial infrastructure; and give full play to the role of regional relief funding mechanism. The fourth is to improve the international monetary system; promote steady diversification of the international monetary system; and jointly support stability of the international monetary system. My colleagues: Under the condition of in-depth development of economic globalizations, countries in the world are increasing connected in their economic and financial relations. The financial crisis has not only dealt a serious impact on the financial markets of developed countries but also affected the developing countries at varying degrees; and the effect is continuing to expand. We must have a sufficient understanding of this. The developing countries' economic development levels are low, their economic structure is monotonous, and the anti-risk capability of their financial systems is weak. Therefore, when dealing with the financial crisis, the international community should pay special attention to minimizing damage to the developing countries, especially the least developed countries. First, it is necessary to effectively help developing countries maintain financial stability and economic growth. The international community, developed countries in particular, should undertake due responsibilities and obligations and adopt effective measures to help developing countries, particularly African countries, overcome their problems. While implementing macroeconomic policies, it is especially necessary to pay attention to their impact on developing countries to avoid aggravating the plight of developing countries. International financial organizations should adopt measures, such as relaxing the loan conditions, to establish a more convenient mechanism to provide timely relief and assistance to developing countries seriously affected by the financial crisis. It is necessary to support emerging market countries' efforts to maintain sustained and stable economic growth. Second, it is necessary to effectively maintain and increase assistance to the developing countries. As developing countries face serious challenges in achieving development, the financial crisis has worsened the situation in developing countries. It is the common responsibility of the world to find ways to overcome the financial crisis while taking into consideration the realization of UN Millennium Development Goals. The developed countries should continue to honour their aid commitments to development, and promote the international poverty reduction process. For the least developed countries, it is necessary to, even more, reduce or exempt their debts; reduce or exempt tariffs on their export goods; increase technology transfer; and, at the same time, exert the utmost effort to help them carry out infrastructure construction to enhance their ability for self-development. Third, it is necessary to effectively maintain economic and financial stability in the developing countries. The developing countries should, on the basis of the actual condition of their own development, adopt sound macroeconomic policies to improve the financial system and enhance the capability to prevent financial crises, while striving to change the mode of economic growth and readjust the economic structure to maintain stable economic growth. My colleagues: Since the beginning of this year, China has been hit successively by serious natural disasters, while the international financial crisis has also affected the development of Chinese economy. In accordance with the changing situation, China has adjusted the policy and strengthened macroeconomic regulation and control in a timely way to maintain the momentum of stable and relatively fast economic growth; and the basic trend of China's economic development remains unchanged. China's stable and relatively fast economic development is in itself an important contribution to maintaining stability of the international financial market and promoting global economic growth. The Chinese government will continue to take effective measures to strengthen the predictability, relevance, and effectiveness of macroeconomic regulation and control; concentrate on expanding domestic demand, especially the demand for consumption; devote great efforts to change the mode of economic development and readjust the economic structure; strengthen the position of agriculture as the foundation and realize increased income of farmers; and persist in deepening reform and opening up wider, in a bid to achieve stable and relatively fast economic growth and play a constructive role in promoting stable development of the world economy. In order to promote economic development, the Chinese government has taken measures, such as lowering bank deposit reserve ratio, lowering deposit and lending interest rates, and reducing corporate tax; and has recently introduced more forceful measures to expand domestic demand. It has been decided that China will appropriate from the central coffer additional 100 billion yuan in investment this year for accelerating projects on people's livelihood, infrastructure, improvement of ecological environment, and post-disaster reconstruction, which are expected to bring along a total of 400 billion yuan in the total investment of society. From the fourth quarter of this year to the end of 2010, China will invest nearly 4,000 billion yuan in the construction of these projects. The implementation of these measures will definitely give a strong boost to China's economic development, as well as help promote development of the world economy. AS a responsible member of the international community, China has actively participated in the international cooperation for dealing with the financial crisis, and played a positive role in maintaining international financial stability and promoting global economic development. China is willing to continue to take a responsible attitude towards participating in the international cooperation for maintaining the stability of financial markets worldwide and promoting global economic development; support international financial organizations to increase financing capacity in accordance with changes in international financial markets; and step up support for the developing countries that are affected by the crisis. We are willing to actively participate in the trade-financing programme of the World Bank and International Finance Corporation. My colleagues: During the recently held seventh Asia-Europe summit, the leaders of east Asia held in-depth discussions on ways to strengthen regional financial and economic cooperation; and unanimously agreed the following: It is necessary to regard strengthening financial cooperation to prevent and ward off financial crises as the focus of regional cooperation, and vigorously encourage flexible and diverse forms of regional financial and economic cooperation; and to fully utilize bilateral currency exchange agreements already signed to actively and yet prudently promote the development of Asia capital market, advance the process of East Asia Free Trade zones, support the ASEAN's integration construction, and combat and prevent trade protectionism. Asian and European leaders also held in-depth discussions on the current international financial and economic situation; and agreed to fully utilize regional cooperation mechanisms, such as the Asia-Europe summit, to strengthen pragmatic cooperation in information sharing, policy exchanges, and supervision and management in the financial field to effectively monitor, prevent, and deal with financial crises and promote sustained, stable, and sound development of the world economy. My colleagues: Stability of the international financial market and sustained development of the world economy is an important matter concerning the well being of all countries and peoples in the world. Let us work together and make united efforts to tide over the hard times and make our due contributions to safeguarding the international financial stability and promoting global economic development. Thank you very much. 胡锦涛在金融市场和世界经济峰会上的讲话（全文） 2008/11/16 2008年11月15日，国家主席胡锦涛在华盛顿举行的二十国集团领导人金融市场和世界经济峰会上发表了题为《通力合作 共度时艰》的重要讲话。讲话全文如下： 通力合作 共度时艰——在金融市场和世界经济峰会上的讲话 （2008年11月15日，美国华盛顿） 中华人民共和国主席 胡锦涛 尊敬的布什总统，各位同事： 很高兴在华盛顿同各位同事见面。首先，我要感谢布什总统的盛情邀请和周到安排。 当前，国际金融危机已从局部发展到全球，从发达国家传导到新兴市场国家，从金融领域扩散到实体经济领域，给世界各国经济发展和人民生活带来严重影响。值此关键时刻，我们在这里共同探讨维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济增长的举措，具有十分重要的意义。 我们正在经历的这场国际金融危机，波及范围之广、影响程度之深、冲击强度之大，为上个世纪30年代以来所罕见。造成这场金融危机的原因是多方面的，既有经济体宏观经济政策不当的原因，也有金融监管缺失的原因。对此如果没有正确认识，就难以吸取教训、避免今后发生同样的危机。这场金融危机发生后，国际社会立即行动起来，在不同层面采取了一系列应对措施。我们希望这些措施尽快取得预期效果。为了有效应对这场金融危机，世界各国应该增强信心、加强协调、密切合作。 国际社会的当务之急是继续采取一切必要措施，尽快恢复市场信心，遏制金融危机扩散和蔓延。主要发达经济体应该承担应尽的责任和义务，实施有利于本国和世界经济金融稳定和发展的宏观经济政策，积极稳定自身和国际金融市场，维护投资者利益。同时，各国应该加强宏观经济政策协调，扩大经济金融信息交流，深化国际金融监管合作，为稳定各国和国际金融市场创造必要条件。 当前，世界经济增长放缓，不稳定不确定因素增加，形势严峻复杂。保持经济增长是应对金融危机的重要基础。各国应该调整宏观经济政策，通过必要的财政、货币手段，积极促进经济增长，避免发生全球性经济衰退。应该共同采取措施稳定国际能源、粮食市场，遏制投机行为，为世界经济发展创造良好条件。国际社会尤其应该防止各种形式的贸易和投资保护主义，努力推动多哈回合谈判早日取得积极进展。 国际社会应该认真总结这场金融危机的教训，在所有利益攸关方充分协商的基础上，对国际金融体系进行必要的改革。国际金融体系改革，应该坚持建立公平、公正、包容、有序的国际金融新秩序的方向，努力营造有利于全球经济健康发展的制度环境。国际金融体系改革，应该坚持全面性、均衡性、渐进性、实效性的原则。全面性，就是要总体设计，既要完善国际金融体系、货币体系、金融组织，又要完善国际金融规则和程序，既要反映金融监管的普遍规律和原则，又要考虑不同经济体的发展阶段和特征。均衡性，就是要统筹兼顾，平衡体现各方利益，形成各方更广泛有效参与的决策和管理机制，尤其要体现新兴市场国家和发展中国家利益。渐进性，就是要循序渐进，在保持国际金融市场稳定的前提下，先易后难，分阶段实施，通过持续不断努力最终达到改革目标。实效性，就是要讲求效果，所有改革举措应该有利于维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展，有利于增进世界各国人民福祉。 根据以上考虑，我们主张重点实施以下改革举措。一是加强国际金融监管合作，完善国际监管体系，建立评级机构行为准则，加大全球资本流动监测力度，加强对各类金融机构和中介组织的监管，增强金融市场及其产品透明度。二是推动国际金融组织改革，改革国际金融组织决策层产生机制，提高发展中国家在国际金融组织中的代表性和发言权，尽快建立覆盖全球特别是主要国际金融中心的早期预警系统，改善国际金融组织内部治理结构，建立及时高效的危机应对救助机制，提高国际金融组织切实履行职责能力。三是鼓励区域金融合作，增强流动性互助能力，加强区域金融基础设施建设，充分发挥地区资金救助机制作用。四是改善国际货币体系，稳步推进国际货币体系多元化，共同支撑国际货币体系稳定。 各位同事！ 在经济全球化深入发展的条件下，世界各国经济金融关系日益紧密。这场金融危机不仅对发达国家金融市场造成严重冲击，也使广大发展中国家不同程度受到影响，这种影响还有继续扩大的趋势。对此，我们必须有足够认识。发展中国家经济发展水平低，经济结构单一，金融体系抗风险能力弱。国际社会在应对金融危机时，尤其要关注和尽量减少危机对发展中国家特别是最不发达国家造成的损害。 第一，切实帮助发展中国家保持金融稳定和经济增长。国际社会特别是发达国家应该承担应尽的责任和义务，采取切实措施，帮助发展中国家尤其是非洲国家克服困难。特别是在实施宏观经济政策时应该注意对发展中国家的影响，避免加剧发展中国家的困境。国际金融组织应该通过放宽贷款条件等措施，建立更加便利化的机制，对遭受金融危机冲击严重的发展中国家进行及时救助。应该支持新兴市场国家保持经济持续平稳增长的努力。 第二，切实保持和增加对发展中国家的援助。发展中国家在实现发展方面面临严峻挑战，金融危机使他们的处境雪上加霜。如何既克服金融危机、又兼顾实现联合国千年发展目标，这是全世界的共同责任。发达国家应该继续履行对发展中国家的援助承诺，推进国际减贫进程。对于最不发达国家，更应该减免其债务，对其出口产品减免关税，扩大技术转让，同时尽最大力量帮助其进行基础设施建设，以增强其自我发展能力。 第三，切实保持发展中国家经济金融稳定。发展中国家应该根据自身发展实际情况，采取正确的宏观经济政策，完善金融体系，提高防范金融危机能力，同时要努力转变经济发展方式，调整经济结构，保持经济平稳发展。 各位同事！ 今年以来，中国接连发生重大自然灾害，国际金融危机使中国经济发展也受到了影响。中国根据形势变化及时调整政策，加强宏观调控，保持了经济平稳较快发展的势头，中国经济发展的基本态势没有改变。中国经济平稳较快发展本身就是对维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展的重要贡献。中国政府将继续采取有效措施，加强宏观调控的预见性、针对性、有效性，着力扩大内需特别是消费需求，下大气力转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构，加强农业基础地位、实现农民增收，坚持深化改革、扩大开放，实现经济平稳较快增长，为促进世界经济稳定发挥建设性作用。 为了推动经济发展，中国政府已经采取了降低银行存款准备金率、下调存贷款利率、减轻企业税负等措施，最近又出台了更加有力的扩大国内需求措施，决定今年中央财政增加投资1000亿元人民币，用于加快民生工程、基础设施、生态环境建设和灾后重建，预计可带动社会总投资规模4000亿元人民币。从今年第四季度到2010年底，中国仅这些项目的建设就将投资近4万亿元人民币。这些措施的实施，必将有力推动中国经济发展，也有利于促进世界经济发展。 作为国际社会负责任的成员，中国一直积极参与应对金融危机的国际合作，为维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展发挥了积极作用。中国愿继续本着负责任的态度，参与维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展的国际合作，支持国际金融组织根据国际金融市场变化增加融资能力，加大对受这场金融危机影响的发展中国家的支持。我们愿积极参与世界银行国际金融公司贸易融资计划。 各位同事！ 在前不久举行的第七届亚欧首脑会议期间，东亚领导人就加强区域金融经济合作进行了深入讨论，一致认为应该把加强金融合作、防范和抵御金融危机作为加强区域合作的重点，积极推进灵活多样的区域财经合作；充分利用已签署的双边货币互换协议，积极稳步推进亚洲资本市场发展，推进东亚自由贸易区进程，支持东盟一体化建设，反对和防范贸易保护主义。亚欧领导人也深入讨论了当前国际金融经济形势，同意充分利用亚欧会议等区域合作机制加强金融领域信息沟通、政策交流、监督管理等务实合作，有效监测、防范、应对金融风险，推动世界经济持续稳定健康发展。 各位同事！ 国际金融市场稳定、世界经济持续发展是关系世界各国和各国人民福祉的大事。让我们共同努力，通力合作、共度时艰，为维护国际金融稳定、促进世界经济发展作出自己应有的贡献！ 谢谢各位。 كلمة الرئيس هو جينتاو في قمة الأسواق المالية والاقتصاد العالمي ( النص الكامل) 11月17日 China Urged to Accelerate Public Services Provision 2008-11-17 00:03:10 Xinhua China should accelerate the equal provision of basic public services for all citizens, which is expected to have a big impact on sustained economic growth amid the global downturn, said a United Nations-sponsored report released on Sunday.
Equalization of basic public services for both urban and rural residents is an important condition for expanding domestic demand and maintaining steady and rapid economic growth while reducing the dependence of economic growth on material investment, said Chi Fulin, chief author of the "China Human Development Report" at a meeting to mark its release.
"The government's agenda places priority on providing basic services, and its fast-paced actions to do so will go a long way to ease the challenges at home and abroad from the financial crisis and economic slowdown," said Khalid Malik, UN Resident Coordinator in China.
"With budget revenues higher than 20 percent of GDP, with a high national savings rate and with two trillion U.S. dollars in official reserves, China should now has the resources to make equitable provision of key public services to all China's people a reality." he said.
"China's consumption rate dropped from 62.3 percent in 2000 to 49 percent in 2007. One of the most important reason is the inadequate provision of basic public services, which has led up to instable consumption expectations of urban and rural residents and reduced marginal consumption tendency", said Chin Fulin.
The report, compiled by researchers of China Institute for Reform and Development and other think-tanks, pointed out the comprehensive institution and policy reforms were essential for China to provide its people with access to improved health service, education, social security and public employment services.
The equal spreading of public services would narrow down development gaps between urban and rural areas across regions and between the rich and the poor to promote social equality, justice and harmonization, said Chi.
The report offers nine specific policy recommendations to help China to reduce gaps in basic public services and improve lives of rural and other vulnerable populations. The center of the suggestions is the right of all Chinese citizens to a clearly defined set of basic public services framed by common standards.
Chi noted at a press conference after the meeting that the inadequate public service system made the country's vast rural areas lag behind in public service provision, although that was improved greatly in the urban areas.
"Without strong action, the great gaps in basic public services and the disparities in human capital that they engender may create permanent divisions that are difficult to reverse." said the report.
"The accountability of government officials to the equalization of basic public service targets must be strengthened, by giving service indicators a prominent place in performance evaluations." said the report.
The report was released one day after Chinese President Hu Jintao attended the G20 summit in Washington this weekend. "Steady and relatively fast growth in China is in itself an important contribution to international financial stability and world economic growth." the President said. China Urged to Accelerate Public Services Provision 11月15日 How do I love thee? How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of being and ideal grace.
I love thee to the level of every day's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for right.
I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
-- Elizabeth Barrett Browning
[minstrels] How do I love thee? -- Elizabeth Barrett Browning 11月11日 — You may not have heard of coltan, but you have it in your cell phone, laptops, pagers and other electronic devices. It is important to everyday communication in the United States, but it is making the conflict in Congo more complicated. What Is Coltan?
Columbite-tantalite — coltan for short — is a dull metallic ore found in major quantities in the eastern areas of Congo. When refined, coltan becomes metallic tantalum, a heat-resistant powder that can hold a high electrical charge. These properties make it a vital element in creating capacitors, the electronic elements that control current flow inside miniature circuit boards. Tantalum capacitors are used in almost all cell phones, laptops, pagers and many other electronics. The recent technology boom caused the price of coltan to skyrocket to as much as $400 a kilogram at one point, as companies such as Nokia and Sony struggled to meet demand. How Is Coltan Mined? Coltan is mined through a fairly primitive process similar to how gold was mined in California during the 1800s. Dozens of men work together digging large craters in streambeds, scraping away dirt from the surface in order to get to the coltan underground. The workers then slosh water and mud around in large washtubs, allowing the coltan to settle to the bottom due to its heavy weight. A good worker can produce one kilogram of coltan a day. Coltan mining is very well paid in Congo terms. The average Congolese worker makes $10 a month, while a coltan miner can make anywhere from $10 to $50 a week. Financing the Conflict A highly controversial U.N. Security Council report recently outlined the alleged exploitation of natural resources, including coltan, from Congo by other countries involved in the current war. There are reports that forces from neighboring Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi are involved in smuggling coltan from Congo, using the revenues generated from the high price of coltan to sustain their efforts in the war. By one estimate, the Rwandan army made at least $250 million over a period of 18 months through the sale of coltan, even though no coltan is mined in Rwanda. All countries involved in the war deny exploiting Congo's natural resources. Environmental Consequences In order to mine for coltan, rebels have overrun Congo's national parks, clearing out large chunks of the area's lush forests. In addition, the poverty and starvation caused by the war have driven some miners and rebels to hunt the parks' endangered elephants and gorillas for food. In Kahuzi Biega National Park, for example, the gorilla population has been cut nearly in half, from 258 to 130. Tracing the Source The path that coltan takes to get from Central Africa to the world market is a highly convoluted one, with legitimate mining operations often being confused with illegal rebel operations, and vice versa, making it difficult to trace the origin. To be safe, in recent months many electronics companies have publicly rejected the use of coltan from anywhere in Central Africa, instead relying on their main suppliers in Australia. American-based Kemet, the world's largest maker of tantalum capacitors, has asked its suppliers to certify that their coltan ore does not come from Congo or bordering countries. But it may be a case of too little, too late. Much of the coltan illegally stolen from Congo is already in laptops, cell phones and electronics all over the world. Nasa Mars mission declared dead 
The probe had surpassed its expected lifetime by more than two months Nasa says its Phoenix lander on the surface of Mars has gone silent and is almost certainly dead. Engineers have not heard from the craft since Sunday 2 November when it made a brief communication with Earth. Phoenix, which landed on the planet's northern plains in May, had been struggling in the increasing cold and dark of an advancing winter. The US space agency says it will continue to try to contact the craft but does not expect to hear from it. "We are actually ceasing operations, declaring an end to operations at this point," Phoenix mission project manager Barry Goldstein said at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "However, since we've been surprised by the robustness of this vehicle, we're going to keep listening. As the orbiters fly overhead every two hours, we'll constantly turn on the radio and try to hail Phoenix to see if it is alive." Fiery plunge Launched from Earth in August 2007, the robot arrived on Mars on 25 May, landing further north than any previous mission to the Martian surface. Nasa's Lesley Tamppari on the mission’s success To make it down, the probe had to survive a fiery plunge through the Red Planet's thin atmosphere, releasing a parachute and using thrusters to control its descent. The mission was scheduled to last just three months on the surface, but continued to work for more than five months. During its ground operations, the robot dug, scooped, baked, sniffed and tasted the Martian soil to test whether it has ever been capable of supporting life. Phoenix's major achievement was in becoming the first mission to Mars to "touch water" in the form of the water-ice it found just centimetres below the topsoil. Chunks of ice were seen to vaporise before the lander's cameras. "This was quite a thrill for everybody and it has been the study of that ice that has kept us busy for the last five months," said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona in Tucson. "We've excavated that ice, we know its depth, we know how it changes over the surface; we've seen different types of ice." 
Phoenix landed further north than previous missions The spacecraft found the Martian soil to be mildly alkaline, quite different from the acidic soils seen by previous missions to other parts of the planet. Other key results included the identification in the soil of calcium carbonate, which on Earth is a chief component of limestone rock. Phoenix also detected sheet-like particles, which were probably clays of some kind. The significance of both minerals is that they form only in the presence of liquid water - which could have supported life. The lander also detected perchlorate (an ion containing chlorine and oxygen) which is an oxidising chemical and, on Earth, can sustain some microbes. Phoenix even recorded snowfall; and took more than 25,000 pictures, from the panoramas of its Arctic landing site to the atomic scale images of dust grains delivered to its microscope. "Phoenix has given us some surprises, and I'm confident we will be pulling more gems from this trove of data for years to come," said Peter Smith. 
Perhaps the key achievement has been to touch the water-ice in the soil Phoenix was never expected to be a long mission. At its high latitude (68 degrees North), it was always destined to be starved of light as the Arctic winter deepened. In the end, though, the demise of Phoenix was hastened by a dust storm which obscured the Sun's precious rays still further. With so little energy getting into its solar panels, the batteries on Phoenix would have gone flat, preventing the robot from heating any of its systems in temperatures that were heading down to minus 100C. Nevertheless, Nasa says its Mars Reconnaissance and Odyssey satellites will continue to listen for Phoenix for a further three weeks, until Solar Conjunction, when the Sun moves between Mars and Earth. Phoenix had risen from the ashes of two previous failures. In September 1999, the Mars Climate Orbiter spacecraft crashed into the Red Planet following a navigation error caused when technicians mixed up "English" (imperial) and metric units. 
The probe has sent back more than 25,000 pictures A few months later, another Nasa spacecraft, the Mars Polar Lander (MPL), was lost near the planet's South Pole. Phoenix used hardware from an identical twin of MPL, the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander, which was cancelled following the two consecutive failures. Nasa's robot rovers, Opportunity and Spirit, continue to work at their equatorial landing sites five years after arriving at the planet. The next mission to the surface of Mars is due to leave Earth next year. The Mars Science Laboratory is a "smart" rover that will be dropped on to the surface of the Red Planet by a rocket-powered "skycrane". At almost three metres in length and weighing 850kg, MSL is considerably bigger than the current rovers. 
Phoenix was sent to Mars with seven science instruments BBC NEWS | Science & Environment | Nasa Mars mission declared dead 11月10日 Yangtze River Dolphin One Step from Extinction 2008-11-10 09:48:02 Shanghai Daily 
Sam Turvey,a zoologist, spent almost three months this year interviewing Chinese fishermen in vain for sightings of the long-snouted dolphin, which has not been seen since 2002. [File Photo: People.com.cn] The Yangtze River dolphin, the Christmas Island shrew and the Venezuelan skunk frog are all victims in an alarming flood of extinctions, but how do scientists decide when such "possibly extinct" creatures no longer exist? The United Nations says the world faces the worst spate of extinctions since the dinosaurs vanished 65 million years ago, with man-made threats such as rising populations, felling of forests, hunting, pollution and climate change. Yet proving that any individual species has gone the way of the dodo demands long, fruitless searching. "If there's one thing in my career I'd like to be proved wrong about, it's the baiji," said Sam Turvey of the Zoological Society of London, using another name for the Yangtze River dolphin. Turvey spent almost three months this year interviewing Chinese fishermen in vain for sightings of the long-snouted dolphin, which has not been seen since 2002. Some colleagues in China are still looking. The baiji was almost declared extinct in 2006 after an acoustic and visual survey of the river turned up nothing. Then a blurry video gave experts pause, and it was rated "possibly extinct." About 300 plant and animal species, including the Christmas Island shrew and the Venezuelan skunk frog are also "possibly extinct," the worst category short of extinction, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List. If Turvey's study turns up no firm evidence, it will likely push the Yangtze River dolphin into the "extinct" column, said Mike Hoffmann, who manages a global project to assess species for the IUCN and Conservation International. It would be the first "megafauna" mammal - one weighing more than 100 kilograms - to die out since the Caribbean monk seal in the 1950s. "To say something is extinct requires quite a lot of proof, of negative evidence, and may take many years to collect," said Craig Hilton-Taylor, who manages Red List. Scientists working on the "possibly extinct" list rummage in the undergrowth for rare plants, frogs or rats, set up nighttime traps for bats or moths, or scour the seabed for corals. Some experts liken the difficulties to "proving" that the mythical Loch Ness Monster does not exist. The Christmas Island shrew has not been seen on its Australian island since 1985. The Venezuelan skunk frog has not been spotted despite repeated searches. Seventy-six mammals have become extinct since the year 1500, a much faster rate than in previous centuries, and 29 are "possibly extinct" on the 2008 Red List. Extinct species have often unknown economic value, such as the Australian gastric brooding frog, which incubated its young in its stomach and might have pointed to ways to treat ulcers. Or South Africa's blue buck antelope, which could have boosted tourism. While most of the news is bleak, a few "Lazarus" species give conservationists cause for celebration - last year, a lizard presumed extinct turned up on La Palma in Spain's Canary Islands after no sightings in 500 years. Yangtze River Dolphin One Step from Extinction 11月8日 Chinese mainland Friday announced the names of two giant pandas selected for Taiwan compatriots. The two are Number 16, female and Number 19, male.
The final coupling was chosen out of 23 pandas. The female panda, born in August of 2004, excels at climbing and balancing. The one year-old beauty weights 35 kilograms. The male selection was narrowed down to numbers 19, 21 and 22. The eleven selected giant pandas went through a period of "trial marriages" before the most matching couple are picked up to test whether the couple could fit for each other. The Chinese mainland offered Taiwan a pair of pandas as one of its goodwill gestures to compatriots in the island province at the end of a historic trip made by Lien Chan, chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) in Taiwan, in early May. The process of giant panda selection commenced in early August and the panda selection expert panel decided that the panda couple were to be formed from those giant pandas living in the Wolong center, the largest panda protection zone in China. The Taiwan people have enthusiastically received the Chinese mainland's offer of a pair of pandas to the island's zoos. At least three zoos have expressed an interest in housing the mainland guests. They include the Leo Foo Zoo in Hsinchu, the Shoushan Zoo in Kaohsiung and the Taipei Zoo.
The giant panda is one of the world's most endangered species and is found only in China. It is estimated that 1,590 giant pandas live wild in China and those in captivity totaled 183 in the Chinese mainland by the end of 2005. (Source: Xinhua/ CRIENGLISH.COM) China CRIENGLISH 11月6日 Who killed Cock Robin Nursery Rhyme & History The origin of the "Who killed cock robin" poem
'Who killed cock robin?' is best described as an English folksong or poem rather than a nursery rhyme. The words of "Who killed cock robin" are said to refer to the death of the legendary figure of Robin Hood and not that of a bird. The legend of Robin Hood encompasses the theme that he stole from the rich to give to the poor. The words of "Who killed cock robin" describe how help was offered from all quarters following the death of cock robin thus reflecting the high esteem in which Robin was held by the common folk. Our grateful thanks goes to Damon Kingshott for this alternative explanation of this Nursery Rhyme
"There is speculation that the 'Cock Robin' Rhyme refers to Robert Walpole, the 18th century English Prime Minister." Picture of Robin Hood and
his Merry Men Who killed Cock Robin poem "Who killed Cock Robin?" "I," said the Sparrow,
"With my bow and arrow, I killed Cock Robin."
"Who saw him die?" "I," said the Fly,
"With my little eye, I saw him die."
"Who caught his blood?" "I," said the Fish,
"With my little dish, I caught his blood."
"Who'll make the shroud?" "I," said the Beetle,
"With my thread and needle, I'll make the shroud."
"Who'll dig his grave?" "I," said the Owl,
"With my pick and shovel, I'll dig his grave."
"Who'll be the parson?" "I," said the Rook,
"With my little book, I'll be the parson."
"Who'll be the clerk?" "I," said the Lark,
"If it's not in the dark, I'll be the clerk."
"Who'll carry the link?" "I," said the Linnet,
"I'll fetch it in a minute, I'll carry the link."
"Who'll be chief mourner?" "I," said the Dove,
"I mourn for my love, I'll be chief mourner."
"Who'll carry the coffin?" "I," said the Kite,
"If it's not through the night, I'll carry the coffin."
"Who'll bear the pall? "We," said the Wren,
"Both the cock and the hen, we'll bear the pall."
"Who'll sing a psalm?" "I," said the Thrush,
"As she sat on a bush, I'll sing a psalm."
"Who'll toll the bell?" "I," said the bull,
"Because I can pull, I'll toll the bell."
All the birds of the air fell a-sighing and a-sobbing,
When they heard the bell toll for poor Cock Robin. Who killed Cock Robin rhyme 谈国内翻译研究中的译名问题（上) 作者：王金波 （上海交通大学外国语学院，上海200030） 摘要：本文结合大量实例指出目前国内翻译研究中的译名混乱问题。本文认为，翻译研究者各行其是，无视译名原则和国家译名标准，疏于考证是导致译名混乱的主要原因。要从根本上解决问题，翻译研究者应协同合作，遵守规范，保持统一。
关键词：译名；国家标准；统一
Abstract: This article points out, with reference to a number of sampled cases, the lack of conformity in the translation of proper names in China</PLACE /></COUNTRY-REGION />’s translation studies. It maintains that translation studies scholars often translate proper names at will, with little regard for accepted principles and national standards. To solve this problem, translation studies scholars should make concerted efforts to translate in conformity with national standards concerned.
Key words: translation of proper names；national standards；conformity
一、历史的回顾
早在20世纪初，中国新文化运动的先驱陈独秀就在《新青年》1916年第2卷第4号写了一篇探讨译名问题的文章《西文译音私议》，把西方主要语言（英、法、德、俄等）中元音、辅音及元音、辅音字母组合分门别类，总结其读音规律，并给出相应的汉字音译，意在统一译名。“译西籍，方舆姓氏、权衡度量、言人人殊。逐物定名，将繁无限纪。今各就单音，拟以汉字。举其大要，阙所不知。……上所论列，略具梗概而已。海内宏达，倘广赐教正，使译音得就统一。未始非学者节时省力之一道也”（张岂之、周祖达，1990：11-17）。随后何炳松、程瀛章在《东方杂志》1926年第23卷第23号撰文《外国专名汉译问题之商榷》细究音译义译（同意译，笔者注）之别，详考西方语音之异同。“今日吾国习西文者，大抵以英、德、法三国语为最多。故翻译西方专名之音，每以其所习之语音为主。实则以英音读德、法语；或以法音读英、德语，都无是处。然而尚不止此；具有进而以英音译斯拉夫语或南欧北欧语者。毫厘千里，谬误尤多。……欲正外国专名之音，必先熟谙各字母确当之音质，及各音节适当之音力”（张岂之、周祖达，1990：18-34）。
解放后不久，中华人民共和国新华通讯社译名室即以“辛华”为笔名，先后分语种制订了外汉译音表，编译了一批单行本的外国姓名译名手册，如《英语姓名译名手册》、《法语姓名译名手册》、《德语姓名译名手册》、《俄语姓名译名手册》、《意大利语姓名译名手册》等，对译名的规范统一起了相当大的作用。
80年代中期，著名科学家钱三强分别在《人民日报》和《科技日报》发表文章，指出统一科技名词术语的重要性和迫切性。“当遇到以外国自然科学家名字命名的术语时，外国科学家人名要根据‘名从主人’、‘约定俗成’、‘服从主科’和‘尊重规范’这四项原则，加以汉字音译。当某个外国科学家名字在不同学科均有出现时，要做好协调工作，以达统一。遇有外国地名时，要根据中国地名委员会制订的规范地名，加以统一表达”（张岂之、周祖达，1990：8-10）。
1993年新华通讯社译名室收录以往各单行本单语种人名译名手册中的译名，编译出版了一部大型综合性工具书《世界人名翻译大辞典》，词目多达65万条，涉及100多个国家与地区，为广大翻译工作者提供了极大的便利。这部大型工具书译名原则与各单行本单语种的姓名译名手册保持一致：音似为主，形似为辅，约定俗成，具体人物则首先考虑名从主人和历史译法的延续性，然后才是同名同译。 综上所述，对于译名统一问题，中国的前辈学者已经进行过深入的研究，他们高瞻远瞩、追求统一的精神令人叹服，他们关于译名统一的论述不应为后来者所忽视；新华通讯社译名室努力40多年，协同社会各界人士制订的译名原则和国家标准具有普遍适用性，翻译研究者理应遵守和执行。 笔者仔细阅读了近几年来在国内外语类期刊上发表的主要研究翻译理论的文章，发现外国翻译理论家姓名的翻译相当混乱，缺少规范，翻译研究者各行其是，无视译名原则和国家标准，有疏于考证之嫌。笔者不揣浅陋，写成此文，旨在抛砖引玉，促使更多翻译研究者重视译名统一问题，从而推动译学发展，不当欠妥之处，有望译界同行不吝指正。
二、个案分析
1．André Lefevere生于比利时，在安特卫普大学任教数年后于1984移居美国，任得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校日尔曼学系教授，1996年白血病突发去世，翻译研究文化学派的主要代表人物之一，提出赞助人（patronage）、诗学（poetics）、意识形态（ideology）三因素影响译者翻译策略的观点。
比利时的官方语言是法语和佛兰芒语（严格意义上说是荷兰语），而André Lefevere出生于比利时的荷兰语区Ghent（根特），荷兰语名字Lefevere常常当法语姓名Lefèvre来读，故整个姓名可以参照法语读音翻译。查阅《法语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》，André通译“安德烈”，Lefèvre通译“勒菲弗”，参阅荷兰语汉译音表可知词尾的r要发音。因此，笔者建议将其译为：安德烈·勒菲弗尔。
2． José Lambert是比利时人，勒芬天主教大学翻译研究中心教授，带领一批学者从事了30多年的文学翻译研究，描述性翻译研究学派的代表人物之一，注重收集个案，运用系统的方法研究译语规范对翻译过程的制约。
José Lambert是常见法语姓名，应该按照法语读音翻译，查阅《法语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》均通译“若泽·朗贝尔”。José在法语、葡萄牙语中通译“若泽”，Lambert在英语中通译“兰伯特”，在德语、西班牙语、荷兰语中通译“兰贝特”，在法语中通译“朗贝尔”（因为法语中词尾的辅音常不发音），因此，此例译名应为：若泽·朗贝尔。
3．Theo Hermans现为伦敦大学学院荷兰语与比较文学系</PERSONNAME />教授，操纵学派的代表人物，注重对译语文本进行描述性研究以确定翻译与规范的互动关系，认为“从译语文学的角度看，翻译意味着为了某一目的对原文进行某种程度的操纵”（Hermans，1985：11）。
Theo Hermans按照不同的语言读音就会有截然不同的译名，查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》，按照英语则为“西奥·赫曼斯”，按照法语则为“泰奥·埃尔曼”，按照荷兰语则为“特奥·赫尔曼斯”，而Theo Hermans出生于比利时的荷兰语区Assent，发音按照荷兰语。因此，译名应为：特奥·赫尔曼斯。
4．Susan Bassnett现任英国沃里克大学翻译与比较文化研究中心主任，翻译研究文化学派的主要代表人物之一。1990年她和安德烈·勒菲弗尔提出翻译研究“文化转向”的发展方向，把翻译研究带入了一个更为广阔的天地。
Susan Bassnett生于英国，很小就去了国外，虽然其名词源系中世纪法语，但仍按英语读音。从英汉译音表来看，/s/通译“斯”，而/θ/通译“思”；此外，“巴斯纳特”和“巴斯奈”均与该名发音相去甚远，无可取之处。查阅《英语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》均无此名，但有近似人名Basnett“巴斯尼特”，Basnight“巴斯奈特”。由此可见，“巴斯奈特”不能用来翻译Bassnett。按英语读音规则，ss与s发音相同，因此Bassnett与英语姓名Basnett发音应该相同，按照同名同译的原则，此例译名应为：苏珊·巴斯尼特。
5．Katharina Reiß是德国翻译科学派的代表人物之一，主张从语篇类型学（text-typology）的角度研究翻译，认为语篇的主要功能为传意（representational）、表情（expressive）、召唤（appellative），主张按语篇功能划分翻译原则与批评标准。
Katharina Reiß是德国人，其名属于常见德语姓名，应该按照德语发音翻译。字母组合th在德语中永远发/t/；此外，“林”不用于女子名，而“琳”用于女子名。查阅《德语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》均译为“卡塔琳娜·赖斯”，故译名应为：卡塔琳娜·赖斯。
6．Christiane Nord是德国功能派翻译理论的倡导者之一，把翻译按功能区分为文献型翻译（documentary translation）和工具型翻译（instrumental translation），提出了忠诚（loyalty）原则，补充了目的论的缺陷。
Christiane Nord是德国人，应该按照德语翻译。查阅《德语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》均无Christiane，但有类似者如Christiana“克里斯蒂安娜”，Christians“克里斯蒂安斯”，Katharine“卡塔琳妮”。而德语中词末的字母e通常发弱化元音/∂/，参考德汉译音表拟定译名为：克里斯蒂安妮·诺德。
7．Hans. J. Vermeer 是目的论（Skopostheorie /skopos theory）的创始人之一，认为翻译中的诸多问题并非仅仅靠语言学就能解决。他摆脱了以追求与原文对等为目标的翻译理论的束缚，提出翻译就是根据客户的委托，结合翻译的目的满足客户要求的一种目的性行为。在翻译中，原文并非衡量一切的标准，忠实于原文是次要的，而实现翻译的目的才是最重要的。
Hans J. Vermeer是德国人，自应按德语发音，字母v在德语中发清辅音/f/，字母组合eer发/e:r/，查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》可知Vermeer在英语中才通译“弗米尔”，而在德语中则为“弗美尔”。因此，译名应为：汉斯·J·弗美尔。
8．Justa Holz-Mänttäri是芬兰籍德语翻译家和翻译学者（Nord，2001：12），用德语发表了数部翻译理论著作，进一步发展了弗美尔的目的论，认为严格意义上的翻译只是翻译行为（Translatorisches Handeln/ translational action/translatorial action）的一种，译者是跨越语言文化障碍的专家，负责按委托人的要求设计合适的信息传递物（message transmitter）。
Justa Holz-Mänttäri是以德语为母语的芬兰人（Nord，2001：129），生于德国，后来嫁了一位芬兰人，Holz为本姓，Mänttäri为丈夫的姓，故其名应分别按德语和芬兰语发音翻译。查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》，Mänttäri为芬兰姓氏，通译“门泰里”，德语中Holz通译“霍尔茨”，德语中Justa应译为“尤斯塔”，英语中Holz才通译“霍尔兹”。因此，此例译名应为：尤斯塔·霍尔茨-门泰里。
9．Mary Snell-Hornby是奥地利维也纳大学翻译系教授，认为翻译研究既不从属于语言学，也不从属于比较文学，而是一门独立学科，属于跨学科（interdiscipline）的范畴，翻译研究应该采取整体（holistic）、综合（integrated）的方法。
Mary Snell-Hornby生于英国，查阅《英语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》可知Snell-Hornby其名无论按照英语还是德语读音，均译为“斯内尔-霍恩比”。因此，译名应为：玛丽·斯内尔-霍恩比。
10．Edwin Gentzler现任马萨诸塞州阿默斯特大学（University of Massachusetts, Amherst）翻译研究中心主任，其代表作《当代翻译理论》堪称翻译研究评论的经典之作。
Edwin Gentzler是美籍德国移民的后代，其姓仍然按照德语发音。查阅《德语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》均找不到，但有德语姓名Gentz译为“根茨”，而常见姓名后缀-ler在英语、德语、荷兰语、瑞典语等日尔曼语中全部译为“勒”，两者结合，根据德语读音规则，Gentzler应译为“根茨勒”；查阅《英语姓名译名手册》可知Edwin通译“埃德温”，而“爱”几乎只用在几个约定俗成的译名中，如Edward“爱德华”，Edison“爱迪生”，Edinburgh“爱丁堡”等。因此，此例译名应为：埃德温·根茨勒。 谈国内翻译研究中的译名问题（下) 作者：王金波 （上海交通大学外国语学院，上海200030） 11．Walter Benjamin是德国文艺理论家。他在1923年发表的《译者的任务》一文中提出译文即原文生命的延续（their stage of continued life），原文依靠译文在另一种语言文化系统中获得再生（afterlife）等重要观点，孕育了解构主义翻译理论的雏形。这种观点打破了原文至上的传统观念，为人们重新审视翻译的本质提供了新的视角。
Walter Benjamin是德国人，很多译者未能充分考虑到这一点。查阅《德语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》，该名通译“瓦尔特·本亚明”。“沃尔特”和“本杰明”均系英语通译。“雅”在法语译名常用于字首。翻阅德汉译音表可知“雅”很少用于德语译名中，而“亚”最常用。因此，此例译名应为：瓦尔特·本亚明。
12．Lawrence Venuti是解构主义翻译理论的代表人物之一，发现在英美翻译传统中一直有一种保持保持语言流畅的倾向，他称这种旨在顺应译语文化读者阅读品味的翻译策略为归化（domesticating）。他指出，归化式的翻译目的在于侵吞霸占原文，消除其异国情调，给原文抹上译语文化色彩。处于强势地位的文化翻译弱式文化中的文学作品时常常采取这种手段，其表现出来的是一种文化霸权主义和民族中心论。他指出，为了消除这种文化交流中的不平等现象，译者应多采取异化（foreignizing）的翻译策略，保持原文的异国特色以抗拒（resist）这种文化帝国主义。
Lawrence Venuti是具有意大利血统的美国人，其姓依然遵守意大利语发音。查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》可以找到Venuti已有通译“韦努蒂”。因此，译名应为：劳伦斯·韦努蒂。
13. Itamar Even-Zohar是以色列特拉维夫学派的代表人物之一，提出了多元系统论（polysystem）来指导宏观翻译研究。他认为，一个民族的文学文化地位决定了翻译文学在文学多元系统中的位置和角色。翻译文学可能占据中心，此时它常会打破本国常规，进行创新；也可能位处边缘，此时则强化本国规范，趋于保守。
Itamar Even-Zohar是希伯来语姓名的通用拉丁语转写。查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》可知Zohar为以色列姓名，已有通译“祖海尔”，而Itamar在英语、葡萄牙语中均译为“伊塔玛尔”，Even又须按照拉丁语发音，故笔者建议暂定译名为：伊塔玛尔·埃文-祖海尔。
14．Gideon Toury是以色列特拉维夫学派的又一代表人物，在多元系统论的基础上研究希伯来文学的翻译，提出以译语为中心（target-oriented）的翻译观，强调以实证的方法对大量译本进行描述性翻译研究（descriptive translation studies），从而找出译语文化中制约翻译过程中种种决定的规范（norm）。他认为，翻译是受制于规范的，而翻译的规范又在很大程度上取决于翻译活动及翻译产品在译语文化中的位置。
Gideon Toury是希伯来姓名的拉丁语转写。Gideon发/gid’on/，而Toury与法语姓名Toury相似，只是重音落在第一音节。Gideon与英语姓名Gideon发音近似，查阅《世界人名翻译大辞典》可知其英语通译为“吉迪恩”，而Toury之法语通译为“图里”。因此，笔者建议其暂定译名为：吉迪恩·图里。
15．Basil Hatim是篇章语言学领域的著名理论家，注重语篇分析在翻译中的应用，认为翻译不只是一种单纯的语际转换活动，而是在一定社会情景中发生的交际过程。译者只有具备双语能力和双文化视野，才能当好跨文化交际中的协调人（mediator）。
Basil Hatim是英国人，故其名应该按照英语发音。“哈廷姆”凭空多出一个鼻音，与原音不同；“海忒姆”不但与原音相去甚远，还使用了英汉译音表根本不用的生僻字“忒”。查阅《英语姓名译名手册》和《世界人名翻译大辞典》可知Hatim是Hatem的变体，因此Hatim与Hatem发音相同。由于Hatem通译“哈特姆”，按照同名同译的原则，译名应该为：巴兹尔·哈特姆。
在所分析的15个个案中，有好几个很难确定译名，笔者的建议仅供参考。在此，笔者竭诚欢迎译界的专家学者、广大读者提出更好的方案。
在此，笔者提出以下几点建议，供翻译界的专家学者参考：（1）翻译研究者养成查阅工具书的良好习惯，培养自己的标准化意识。某些一下子难以解决的人名、地名在首次出现时要么附上原文，要么照写不译；（2）从事翻译教学的学者、译者严格要求自己的学生遵守译名标准，培养他们严谨的学风与译风；（3）编辑出版部门明确规定稿件出版物符合国家译名规范，杜绝不负责任的错译、乱译行为；对于新出现的、现有工具书查不到的外来人名、地名，可以考虑组织专家进行研究，分阶段公布实施。
*本文中出现的外国人名一律参照新华通讯社译名室所编《世界人名翻译大辞典》，外国地名一律参照中国地名委员会所编《外国地名译名手册》。同时，在本文写作过程中，笔者曾就译名问题请教过Edwin Gentzler, José Lambert, Theo Hermans, Susan Bassnett, Mary Snell-Hornby, Lawrence Venuti, Itamar Even-Zohar, Gideon Toury等有关学者，他们对译名的翻译问题给予本人热情、详细的指教，限于篇幅，不能将他们的回复一一列出，在此谨向他们致以诚挚的谢意。
参考文献
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[8] Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. 谈国内翻译研究中的译名问题--翻譯的樂趣 11月5日 JOHN MCCAIN: Thank you. Thank you, my friends. Thank you for coming here on this beautiful Arizona evening. (APPLAUSE) My friends, we have -- we have come to the end of a long journey. The American people have spoken, and they have spoken clearly. A little while ago, I had the honor of calling Senator Barack Obama to congratulate him. (BOOING) Please. To congratulate him on being elected the next president of the country that we both love. In a contest as long and difficult as this campaign has been, his success alone commands my respect for his ability and perseverance. But that he managed to do so by inspiring the hopes of so many millions of Americans who had once wrongly believed that they had little at stake or little influence in the election of an American president is something I deeply admire and commend him for achieving. This is an historic election, and I recognize the special significance it has for African-Americans and for the special pride that must be theirs tonight. I've always believed that America offers opportunities to all who have the industry and will to seize it. Senator Obama believes that, too. But we both recognize that, though we have come a long way from the old injustices that once stained our nation's reputation and denied some Americans the full blessings of American citizenship, the memory of them still had the power to wound. A century ago, President Theodore Roosevelt's invitation of Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House was taken as an outrage in many quarters. America today is a world away from the cruel and frightful bigotry of that time. There is no better evidence of this than the election of an African-American to the presidency of the United States. Let there be no reason now... (APPLAUSE) Let there be no reason now for any American to fail to cherish their citizenship in this, the greatest nation on Earth. (APPLAUSE) Senator Obama has achieved a great thing for himself and for his country. I applaud him for it, and offer him my sincere sympathy that his beloved grandmother did not live to see this day. Though our faith assures us she is at rest in the presence of her creator and so very proud of the good man she helped raise. Senator Obama and I have had and argued our differences, and he has prevailed. No doubt many of those differences remain. These are difficult times for our country. And I pledge to him tonight to do all in my power to help him lead us through the many challenges we face. I urge all Americans... (APPLAUSE) I urge all Americans who supported me to join me in not just congratulating him, but offering our next president our good will and earnest effort to find ways to come together to find the necessary compromises to bridge our differences and help restore our prosperity, defend our security in a dangerous world, and leave our children and grandchildren a stronger, better country than we inherited. Whatever our differences, we are fellow Americans. And please believe me when I say no association has ever meant more to me than that. (APPLAUSE) It is natural. It's natural, tonight, to feel some disappointment. But tomorrow, we must move beyond it and work together to get our country moving again. AUDIENCE MEMBER: (OFF-MIKE) We fought -- we fought as hard as we could. And though we feel short, the failure is mine, not yours. AUDIENCE: No! MCCAIN: I am so... AUDIENCE: (CHANTING) MCCAIN: I am so deeply grateful to all of you for the great honor of your support and for all you have done for me. I wish the outcome had been different, my friends. AUDIENCE MEMBER: We do, too (OFF-MIKE) MCCAIN: The road was a difficult one from the outset, but your support and friendship never wavered. I cannot adequately express how deeply indebted I am to you. I'm especially grateful to my wife, Cindy, my children, my dear mother... (APPLAUSE) ... my dear mother and all my family, and to the many old and dear friends who have stood by my side through the many ups and downs of this long campaign. I have always been a fortunate man, and never more so for the love and encouragement you have given me. You know, campaigns are often harder on a candidate's family than on the candidate, and that's been true in this campaign. All I can offer in compensation is my love and gratitude and the promise of more peaceful years ahead. I am also -- I am also, of course, very thankful to Governor Sarah Palin, one of the best campaigners I've ever seen... (APPLAUSE) ... one of the best campaigners I have ever seen, and an impressive new voice in our party for reform and the principles that have always been our greatest strength... (APPLAUSE) ... her husband Todd and their five beautiful children... (APPLAUSE) ... for their tireless dedication to our cause, and the courage and grace they showed in the rough and tumble of a presidential campaign. We can all look forward with great interest to her future service to Alaska, the Republican Party and our country. (APPLAUSE) To all my campaign comrades, from Rick Davis and Steve Schmidt and Mark Salter, to every last volunteer who fought so hard and valiantly, month after month, in what at times seemed to be the most challenged campaign in modern times, thank you so much. A lost election will never mean more to me than the privilege of your faith and friendship. I don't know -- I don't know what more we could have done to try to win this election. I'll leave that to others to determine. Every candidate makes mistakes, and I'm sure I made my share of them. But I won't spend a moment of the future regretting what might have been. This campaign was and will remain the great honor of my life, and my heart is filled with nothing but gratitude for the experience and to the American people for giving me a fair hearing before deciding that Senator Obama and my old friend Senator Joe Biden should have the honor of leading us for the next four years. (BOOING) Please. Please. I would not -- I would not be an American worthy of the name should I regret a fate that has allowed me the extraordinary privilege of serving this country for a half a century. half a century. Today, I was a candidate for the highest office in the country I love so much. And tonight, I remain her servant. That is blessing enough for anyone, and I thank the people of Arizona for it. (APPLAUSE) AUDIENCE: USA. USA. USA. USA. Tonight -- tonight, more than any night, I hold in my heart nothing but love for this country and for all its citizens, whether they supported me or Senator Obama -- whether they supported me or Senator Obama. I wish Godspeed to the man who was my former opponent and will be my president. And I call on all Americans, as I have often in this campaign, to not despair of our present difficulties, but to believe, always, in the promise and greatness of America, because nothing is inevitable here. Americans never quit. We never surrender. (APPLAUSE) We never hide from history. We make history. Thank you, and God bless you, and God bless America. Thank you all very much. RAW DATA: Text of John McCain's Concession Speech - FOXNews.com Elections 10月29日 A hedge fund is a private investment fund open to a limited range of investors which is permitted by regulators to undertake a wider range of activities than other investment funds and which pays a performance fee to its investment manager. Although each fund will have its own strategy which determines the type of investments and the methods of investment it undertakes, hedge funds as a class invest in a broad range of investments, from shares, debt and commodities to works of art. As the name implies, hedge funds often seek to offset potential losses in the principal markets they invest in by hedging their investments using a variety of methods, most notably short selling. However, the term "hedge fund" has come to be applied to many funds that do not actually hedge their investments, and in particular to funds using short selling and other "hedging" methods to increase rather than reduce risk, with the expectation of increasing return. Hedge funds are typically open only to a limited range of professional or wealthy investors. This provides them with an exemption in many jurisdictions from regulations governing short selling, derivative contracts, leverage, fee structures and the liquidity of investments in the fund. A hedge fund will nevertheless voluntarily limit the scope of its activities via its contractual arrangements with the individual investors in order to give them some certainty surrounding the specific investments that will be invested by the hedge fund itself. The assets under management of a hedge fund can run into many billions of dollars, and this will usually be multiplied by leverage, meaning that their influence over markets is substantial. Hedge funds dominate certain specialty markets such as trading within derivatives with high-yield ratings and distressed debt.[1] Hedge fund - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 参考阅读 http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12501847&source=features_box_main The Prisoner's Dilemma constitutes a problem in game theory. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence payoffs and gave it the "Prisoner's Dilemma" name (Poundstone, 1992). In its "classical" form, the prisoner's dilemma (PD) is presented as follows: - Two suspects are arrested by the police. The police have insufficient evidence for a conviction, and, having separated both prisoners, visit each of them to offer the same deal. If one testifies ("defects") for the prosecution against the other and the other remains silent, the betrayer goes free and the silent accomplice receives the full 10-year sentence. If both remain silent, both prisoners are sentenced to only six months in jail for a minor charge. If each betrays the other, each receives a five-year sentence. Each prisoner must choose to betray the other or to remain silent. Each one is assured that the other would not know about the betrayal before the end of the investigation. How should the prisoners act?
If we assume that each player prefers shorter sentences to longer ones, and that each gets no utility out of lowering the other player's sentence, and that there are no reputation effects from a player's decision, then the prisoner's dilemma forms a non-zero-sum game in which two players may each "cooperate" with or "defect" from (i.e., betray) the other player. In this game, as in all game theory, the only concern of each individual player ("prisoner") is maximizing his/her own payoff, without any concern for the other player's payoff. The unique equilibrium for this game is a Pareto-suboptimal solution—that is, rational choice leads the two players to both play defect even though each player's individual reward would be greater if they both played cooperatively. In the classic form of this game, cooperating is strictly dominated by defecting, so that the only possible equilibrium for the game is for all players to defect. In simpler terms, no matter what the other player does, one player will always gain a greater payoff by playing defect. Since in any situation playing defect is more beneficial than cooperating, all rational players will play defect, all things being equal. In the iterated prisoner's dilemma the game is played repeatedly. Thus each player has an opportunity to "punish" the other player for previous non-cooperative play. Cooperation may then arise as an equilibrium outcome. The incentive to defect is overcome by the threat of punishment, leading to the possibility of a cooperative outcome. So if the game is infinitely repeated, cooperation may be a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium although both players defecting always remains an equilibrium and there are many other equilibrium outcomes. In casual usage, the label "prisoner's dilemma" may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games; for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation. Prisoner's dilemma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pareto efficiency From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is an important concept in economics with broad applications in game theory, engineering and the social sciences. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. Given a set of alternative allocations of, say, goods or income for a set of individuals, a movement from one allocation to another that can make at least one individual better off without making any other individual worse off is called a Pareto improvement. An allocation is Pareto efficient or Pareto optimal when no further Pareto improvements can be made. This is often called a strong Pareto optimum (SPO). A weak Pareto optimum (WPO) satisfies a less stringent requirement, in which a new allocation is only considered to be a Pareto improvement if it is strictly preferred by all individuals (i.e., all must gain with the new allocation). In other words, at a WPO, alternative allocations where every individual would gain over the WPO are ruled out. An SPO is a WPO, because at an SPO, we can rule out alternative allocations where at least one individual gains and no individual loses out, and these cases where "at least one individual gains" include cases like "all individuals gain", the later being the cases considered for a weak optimum. Clearly this first condition for the SPO is more restrictive than for a WPO, since at the latter, other allocations where one or more (but not all) individuals would gain (and none lose) would still be possible. A common criticism of a state of Pareto efficiency is that it does not necessarily result in a socially desirable distribution of resources, as it may lead to unjust and inefficient inequities.[1][2] 10月28日 النص الكامل لبيان الدورة الـ7 لاجتماع آسيا وأوروبا عن الأوضاع المالية الدولية الراهنة 24/10/2008 النص الكامل لبيان الدورة الـ7 لاجتماع آسيا وأوروبا عن الأوضاع المالية الدولية الراهنة بكين، يوم 24 أكتوبر عام 2008 1. إن القادة الحضور للدورة الـ7 لاجتماع آسيا وأوروبا ناقشوا بصورة معمقة الأوضاع الاقتصادية والمالية الدولية الراهنة واتجاه تطورها، ويتابعون تداعيات الأزمة المالية الدولية التي تنتشر باستمرار على الاقتصاد العالمي بصفة عامة وما تطرحه من التحديات على الاستقرار المالي والتنمية الاقتصادية للبلدان في آسيا وأوروبا بصفة خاصة. 2. ويعتقد القادة أن الحكومات من جميع البلدان، يجب عليها أن تظهر الرؤية البعيدة، والجرأة وتتخذ إجراءات حاسمة، وحازمة ومسؤولة في وقت مناسب لمواجهة التحديات المترتبة على الأزمة المالية. ويعرب القادة عن ثقة تامة بالتغلب على الأزمة من خلال الجهود المتضافرة. 3. يرحب القادة بالخطوات التي اعتمدتها البلدان والمنظمات المعنية لضمان حسن سير النظام المالي والاقتصاد الحقيقي، ويدعون المجتمع الدولي إلى مواصلة تعزيز التنسيق والتعاون واتخاذ التدابير الاقتصادية والمالية المتاحة الفعالة على نحو شامل لاستعادة ثقة السوق وحفظ الاستقرار في الأسواق المالية العالمية وتعزيز النمو الاقتصادي العالمي. 4. يتفق القادة على ضرورة أن يلعب صندوق النقد الدولي دورا حاسما في مساعدة البلدان الأشد تضررا من الأزمة. 5. يرى القادة أن حل الأزمة المالية يتطلب التعامل الصحيح مع العلاقات بين الابتكار المالي والتنظيم المالي للحفاظ على سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي السليمة. ويدركون ضرورة تحسين الرقابة والتنظيم للمؤسسات المالية، وخاصة تعزيز المساءلة. 6. يدعو القادة بلدان العالم إلى اتخاذ سياسة نقدية ومالية ورقابية مالية مسؤولة وتعزيز الشفافية والشمولية وتعزيز الرقابة وتحسين آليات إدارة الأزمات، وذلك للحفاظ على التنمية الاقتصادية واستقرار الأسواق المالية. وتعهد القادة باتخاذ إجراءات ضرورية في وقت مناسب للحفاظ على استقرار النظام المالي. 7. يصمم القادة على إجراء إصلاح شامل وفعال للنظام المالي والنقدي الدولي، يتفقوا على اتخاذ مبادرات مناسبة في أسرع وقت ممكن في هذا الصدد، وذلك بالتشاور مع جميع أصحاب المصلحة والمؤسسات المالية الدولية ذات الصلة. يجب على صندوق النقد الدولي وغيرها من المؤسسات المالية الدولية أن يقوم بالدور المنوطة بها في النظام المالي الدولي، للمساعدة في تثبيت الوضع المالي الدولي. 8. يؤيد القادة عقد قمة دولية في 15 نوفمبر في واشنطن للبحث في سبل معالجة الأزمة الحالية والمبادئ التي تحكم إصلاح النظام المالي الدولي وكيفية الحفاظ على الاستقرار والتنمية للاقتصاد العالمي على المدى الطويل. 9. يتفق القادة على الاستفادة الكاملة من اجتماع آسيا وأوروبا وغيره من آليات التعاون الإقليمي لتعزيز تبادل المعلومات والسياسات في المجال المالي والتعاون العملي في الإشراف والإدارة للقطاع المالي من أجل رصد ووقاية ودرء المخاطر المالية على نحو فعال، بما يحقق نموا اقتصاديا مستمرا ومستقرا وسليما. النص الكامل لبيان الدورة الـ7 لاجتماع آسيا وأوروبا عن الأوضاع المالية الدولية الراهنة Full text of statement of the Seventh Asia-Europe Meeting on the Int'l Financial Situation 
Following is the full text of the Statement of the Seventh Asia-Europe Meeting on the International Financial Situation issued in Beijing Friday. Statement of the Seventh Asia-Europe Meeting on the International Financial Situation Beijing, 24 October 2008 1. Leaders attending the Seventh Asia-Europe Meeting had an in-depth discussion on the current international economic and financial situation and its trend of development. They expressed concern over the impact of the spreading international financial crisis on the global economy and in particular, the severe challenges it poses to financial stability and economic development of countries in Asia and Europe. 2. Leaders believed that authorities of all countries should demonstrate vision and resolution and take firm, decisive and effective measures in a responsible and timely manner to rise to the challenge of the financial crisis. Leaders expressed full confidence that the crisis could be overcome through such concerted efforts. 3. Leaders welcomed the measures adopted by countries and organizations to ensure the smooth running of the financial system and real economy. They called on the international community to continue to strengthen coordination and cooperation and take effective and available economic and financial measures in a comprehensive way to restore market confidence, stabilize global financial markets and promote global economic growth. 4. Leaders agreed that IMF should play a critical role in assisting countries seriously affected by the crisis, upon their request. 5. Leaders were of the view that to resolve the financial crisis it is imperative to handle properly the relationship between financial innovation and regulation and to maintain sound macroeconomic policy. They recognized the need to improve the supervision and regulation of all financial actors, in particular their accountability. 6. Leaders called on all countries to pursue responsible and sound monetary, fiscal and financial regulatory policies, enhance transparency, inclusiveness, strengthen oversight, and improve crisis management mechanisms so as to maintain their own economic development and the stability of the financial markets. They agreed that the necessary and timely measures should be taken to preserve the stability of the financial system. 7. Leaders pledged to undertake effective and comprehensive reform of the international monetary and financial systems. They agreed to take quickly appropriate initiatives in this respect, in consultation with all stakeholders and the relevant international financial institutions. The International Monetary Fund and other international financial institutions should bring into play their mandated role in the international financial system, to help stabilize the international financial situation. 8. Leaders supported the convening of an international summit on 15 November in Washington D.C. to address the current crisis and principles of reform of the international financial system as well as long-term stability and development of the world economy. 9. Leaders agreed to make full use of ASEM and other cooperation mechanisms to enhance information sharing, policy exchange, and pragmatic cooperation on supervision and management in the financial sector and effectively monitor, prevent and respond to financial risks to ensure sustained, stable and sound economic growth.
第七届亚欧首脑会议关于国际金融形势的声明（全文）
2008年10月24日，北京 
领导人深入讨论了当前国际经济金融形势和发展趋势，关注不断蔓延的国际金融危机对世界经济的影响、特别是给亚欧国家金融稳定和经济发展带来的严重挑战。 领导人认为，各国政府应体现远见和魄力，坚定、果断、负责、及时地采取有效措施，妥善应对当前金融危机的挑战。领导人对通过共同努力克服危机充满信心。 领导人欢迎有关国家和组织为确保金融体系和实体经济的顺利运作所采取的一系列措施，呼吁国际社会继续加强协调合作，综合运用有效可行的经济和金融手段，恢复市场信心，稳定全球金融市场，促进全球经济增长。 领导人同意国际货币基金组织在向遭受危机严重影响国家提供帮助方面应发挥关键作用。 领导人认为，解决金融危机，要处理好金融创新与金融监管的关系，维持稳健的宏观经济政策。他们认识到有必要加强对所有金融从业机构的监督和规范，特别是加强对其问责。 领导人呼吁各国采取负责任和稳健的货币、财政和金融监管政策，提高透明度和包容性，加强监管，完善危机处置机制，保持自身经济发展和金融市场稳定。领导人承诺为保持金融体系稳定采取必要及时的措施。 领导人决心对国际货币与金融体系进行有效和全面的改革，将与所有利益攸关方和国际金融机构进行协商，尽快提出适当的倡议。国际货币基金组织等国际金融机构应在国际金融体系中切实发挥其职责所赋予的作用，帮助稳定国际金融形势。 领导人支持于11月15日在华盛顿举行国际峰会，就应对当前危机、改革国际金融体系的原则以及维护世界经济长期稳定发展等进行探讨。 领导人同意充分利用亚欧会议等区域合作机制，加强在金融领域的信息沟通、政策交流和监督管理等务实合作，有效监测、防范、应对金融风险，实现经济持续、稳定、健康增长。
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